星载激光测距系统中激光器技术分析及发展展望

通过对美国40多年来应用于星载测距系统中的激光器技术发展历程的回顾,以及几种典型激光器的主要性能指标及其关键技术的分析,探讨了用于星载激光雷达的半导体泵浦全固态激光器的技术发展,总结了该类激光器的主要特点,并对星载测距应用的激光器技术的发展趋势做了展望。     

无人平台SLAM技术研究进展

作为一种定位与感知方法,同时定位与建图(SLAM)是实现无人平台导航制导与控制的关键技术。阐述了SLAM技术的发展历史、研究现状与应用场景,分析并介绍了SLAM原理及其算法实现。此外,总结了若干SLAM领域的研究热点,并对SLAM技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

一种星间相对状态估计方法

编队自主导航是实现分布式遥感系统星间协同观测的基础。为实现分布式遥感系统星间相对状态的精确确定，提出一种基于MEMS激光雷达与纳型星罗盘的星间相对状态估计方法。借助相对姿态、轨道运动学方程建立了星间相对状态的无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法，解决了MEMS激光雷达测量与参考航天器姿态耦合的问题，并利用预定入轨参数及高精度轨道外推(HPOP)对方法进行仿真校验。结果表明，该方法具有可行性和实用性，估计精度满足分布式遥感任务需求，能够较好解决中远距离星间相对状态估计问题。     

一种翻滚火箭箭体的运动参数估计方法

针对处于自由翻滚运动状态的火箭箭体,其呈回转体结构,运动参数估计难的问题,提出了一种翻滚火箭箭体的运动参数估计方法。采用激光成像雷达获取目标的三维点云数据,通过点云法向量估计和随机采样一致性算法计算得到自旋轴;然后结合序列各帧的自旋轴估计结果,采用最小二乘法求解得到翻滚火箭箭体的翻滚轴;进而利用相邻两帧的自旋轴和翻滚轴估计结果求解得到章动角和空间章动角速率。基于仿真数据对方法进行了实验及分析,结果表明该方法能够有效地估计自由翻滚状态的火箭箭体的翻滚轴、章动角和空间章动角速率。     

An iterative LiDAR DEM-aided algorithm for GNSS positioning in obstructed/rapidly undulating environments

This paper describes a new algorithm to aid stand-alone GNSS positioning in areas of bad signal reception using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Traditional Height-Aiding (HA) algorithms assume either a preset (fixed) value for the receiver elevation or rely on the elevation value that corresponds to the nearest available position fix. This may lead in erroneous receiver elevation estimates that, under circumstances, are inefficient to aid effectively GNSS positioning. In this study, the receiver elevation is updated at every iteration step of the navigation solution through dynamic interpolation of the elevation model. The algorithm, because of its ability to extract and fully exploit the elevation information derived from a digital model, it can prove particularly useful in forested areas with steep-sloped terrain. Extended test runs were undertaken to validate the correctness of the mathematical model and the feasibility of the algorithm and associated software. Particularly, analysis of a dataset acquired in a forested, rapidly undulating environment reveals significant average improvement in all performance metrics of positioning, namely the GNSS position availability (50%), accuracy (56%) and external reliability (86%) compared to the Standard Point Positioning (SPP) solution. Moreover, it was found that the method can cope successfully in marginal operating conditions with situations of bad satellite geometry and satellite signals affected by interference due to tree canopy.     

Adjustment of systematic errors in ALS data through surface matching

Surface matching is a well researched topic in both Computer Vision (CV) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or ground based light detection and ranging (LiDAR), but the extent of the range images derived from these technologies is typically orders of magnitude smaller than those derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS), also known as airborne LiDAR. Iterative closest point (ICP) and its variants have been successfully used to align and register multiple overlapping views of the range images for CV and TLS applications. However, many challenges are encountered in applying the ICP approach to ALS data sets. In this paper, we address these issues, explore the possibility of automating the algorithm, and present a technique to adjust systematic discrepancies in overlapping strips, using geometrical attributes in a given terrain. In this method, the ALS point samples used in the algorithm are selected depending on their ability to constrain the relative movement between the overlapping laser strips. The points from overlapping strips are matched through modified point to plane based on the ICP method.     

面向自动驾驶仿真的虚拟LiDAR传感器建模

在自动驾驶仿真领域，虚拟传感器输出数据的精准度是仿真结果可靠性的重要保障。激光雷达（LiDAR）作为车辆环境感知的关键传感器，其采集的点云数据的准确性是实现车辆对三维环境理解的关键。但在虚拟环境中，通过3D渲染技术模拟的点云数据难以真实反映传感器在复杂工况下的变化规律。本文提出一种用于自动驾驶仿真的虚拟LiDAR传感器建模方法。该方法首先基于Unity 3D引擎构建LiDAR的几何测量模型。其次，结合真实传感器的衰变特性推导简化的LiDAR物理模型。最后，基于蒙特卡罗方法在随机模型上对仿真数据进行噪声模拟，从而实现高保真的LiDAR数据输出。所提出的方法可结合精细化的虚拟场景进行数据验证，实验结果表明：该方法能够有效地在虚拟环境下模拟LiDAR数据，从而应用于自动驾驶仿真算法验证过程。     

基于轨迹拐点滤波的激光雷达里程计定位算法研究

在GPS拒止环境下，激光雷达里程计可以利用帧间匹配跟踪车辆实现定位，但是定位误差随时间累积的特性造成激光雷达里程计(LO)缺乏持续性。为解决LO的误差累积问题，引入轻量级地图OSM。基于粒子滤波框架，以LO作为运动模型的输入，通过两次筛选提取拐点，利用拐点匹配完成与地图的对齐，并以粒子的均值作为车辆校正后的位置，实现对定位误差的校正。提出了一种新的粒子权重模型，利用不同节点的相似度模型及测量值作为粒子权重的更新依据，避免拐点与路网节点的错误关联导致定位误差加大。经由KITTI数据集上的实验验证，该算法可以有效克服LO误差漂移问题，相较于原始LO定位精度至少提高了49.22%，且具有较好的实时性。     

多波束三维成像激光雷达高精度收发匹配方法研究

三维成像激光雷达技术为空间地理信息获取、目标立体探测提供了新的技术途径。以多波束并行收发、单光子阵列探测为特征的新一代三维成像激光雷达可提升雷达探测灵敏度、激光成像帧频与成像效率，从而实现远距离快速激光三维成像。三维成像激光雷达的激光发散角与接收视场需角秒量级的匹配精度。随着系统波束数量的增加，几十甚至上百波束的高精度收发波束匹配是系统设计装调的难点。聚焦多波束单光子阵列三维成像激光雷达的收发匹配难题，设计了基于衍射分束激光发射与光纤阵列接收的收发光学系统，提出了一种多波束激光雷达收发波束匹配方法，并对该方法的收发匹配误差源以及温度对其影响进行了详细分析仿真。实验验证结果表明，可实现64波束优于10 μrad的匹配误差，在工作温度范围内总的收发失配优于20.78 μrad，满足本系统设计时25.5 μrad的收发匹配裕量，系统对环境温度有较好的适应性，具有良好的工程应用前景。